From everydayhealth.com
If you live with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), you’re well aware of its impact on your joints, including symptoms like stiffness and swelling, as well as the persistent fatigue it can cause.
But PsA can also affect your heart, and while it may not cause any noticeable symptoms, the condition comes with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
That’s because psoriatic arthritis isn’t just a joint problem: It’s a systemic inflammatory condition, meaning that inflammation affects the entire body. And inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), the root cause of most heart disease.
But there are steps you can take to improve your heart health — and the good news is that many of them include some of the same things you’re doing to manage your PsA.
Keep reading to better understand the connection between psoriatic arthritis and heart health and get expert advice on how to reduce the likelihood of heart disease, including heart attack and stroke.
The Link Between Psoriatic Arthritis and Heart Disease
Psoriatic arthritis belongs to a family of conditions called psoriatic disease, which also includes psoriasis, a chronic skin condition. Both involve an overactive immune system that causes widespread inflammation.
“This inflammation doesn’t just affect the joints or skin,” says Michael Garshick, MD, a cardio-rheumatologist at NYU Langone Health in New York City. A lot of the same immune cells and pro-inflammatory proteins that are upregulated in psoriatic disease are also involved in the development of atherosclerosis,” he says.
“In general, psoriasis and PsA are put together when we discuss heart disease risk. That’s mostly because there are many more patients with psoriasis compared to psoriatic arthritis, and the studies on heart disease and PsA haven't been as robust,” says Dr. Garshick. It’s estimated that about 1 in 4 people with psoriasis also have PsA.
In general, people with psoriatic disease have a cardiovascular risk similar to those with moderate to severe psoriasis, says Garshick. “So if you have really only mild psoriasis, but you have psoriatic arthritis, that upgrades the risk of a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than if you didn't have psoriatic arthritis,” he says.
Whether it's psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis, it’s believed the combination of inflammation caused by the conditions and the fact that most patients with psoriatic disease have a higher risk of the traditional cardiometabolic risk factors — like hypertension, hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and smoking — promotes cardiovascular disease, says Garshick.
PsA Inflammation Impacts Heart
Experts believe that heart disease and psoriasis and PsA may share inflammatory pathways that drive the progression of both diseases.
“Although psoriasis plaques are different from plaques in the arteries, the inflammation that makes the skin red and flaky is similar to the kind of inflammation that causes blockages in the arteries,” says Joel Gelfand, MD, the director of the psoriasis and phototherapy treatment centre at Penn Medicine in Philadelphia.
In fact, a lot of the same immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines that are upregulated in psoriasis or psoriatic disease are also part of the disease process in atherosclerosis, specifically cytokines or proteins such as TNF-alpha, says Garshick.
There’s a really big overlap between the disease processes driving psoriasis and atherosclerosis, says Garshick. “There's even evidence from genetic studies suggesting that in patients who have atherosclerosis, that may promote worsening psoriatic disease, so we think it’s a bidirectional relationship,” he says.
Higher Risk of Traditional Heart Disease Risk Factors
“It’s really a synergy,” says Dr. Garshick. “It’s the combination of systemic inflammation and the higher rates of these common risk factors that increases the overall cardiovascular risk.”
Indeed, the PsA inflammation could contribute to or worsen cardiovascular disease risk factors, including the following:
- Insulin Resistance Inflammatory chemicals interfere with how the body uses insulin, leading to higher blood sugar and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, a major heart disease risk factor.
- High Cholesterol Inflammation disrupts normal fat metabolism, raising triglycerides and lowering “good” HDL cholesterol, contributing to clogged arteries.
- Hormone Imbalance From Fat Tissue (Adipokines) The hormones leptin and resistin are elevated in PsA and promote more inflammation and artery damage.
“In general, the higher prevalence of atherosclerosis in the psoriatic patient population is a contribution from both underlying systemic inflammation and traditional cardiovascular risk factors,” says Garshick.
How to Manage Heart Disease Risk
“Unfortunately, there’s good evidence to suggest that cardiovascular risk factors are both underrecognized and undertreated in people with PsA,” says Garshick.
Identify Controllable Risk Factors
“For patients with psoriatic disease, that would include checking lipids, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, and, if they’re elevated, to either treat, or refer to their primary care doctor or a preventive cardiologist office,” says Garshick.
A preventive cardiologist may be especially helpful if you are reluctant to start medication, have trouble tolerating drugs like statins, or when you want more personalization, he adds.
Many people assume that because they’re regularly seeing a rheumatologist or dermatologist, their heart health is also being monitored, but that’s not always the case.
Garshick recommends taking a proactive approach and making sure you know your numbers for cholesterol and blood pressure.
Discuss Drug Choices for Psoriatic Arthritis
Effective treatment of inflammation is key to improving PsA symptoms and slowing the disease process, but does that help reduce the risk of heart disease?
“There’s observational data suggesting that treating psoriatic disease may reduce cardiovascular risk, but randomized controlled trials haven’t definitively proven that yet,” says Garshick.
There has been concern that some drugs used to manage PsA may actually increase heart-related risks, says Garshick.
There were concerns about a couple of biologics used for PsA, including TNF-alpha inhibitors, which include adalimumab (Humira), etanercept (Enbrel), and infliximab (Remicade), and IL-23 inhibitors, which include guselkumab (Tremfya) and risankizumab (Skyrizi), but recent evidence shows they are generally safe, he says.
On the other hand, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, a new kind of disease-modifying drug (DMARD), do come with heart risks. The JAK inhibitors approved to treat PsA include tofacitinib (Xeljanz) and upadacitinib (Rinvoq).
“These medications come with a black box warning from the FDA for cardiovascular and clotting events. They also tend to raise LDL, or ‘bad,’ cholesterol, but that doesn’t fully explain the risk,” he says.
Because of this, the preventive cardiologist and the rheumatologist need to have a conversation before a patient is started on a JAK inhibitor, to make sure it’s the best choice and that cardiovascular risks are managed appropriately, says Garshick.
Maintain a Heart-Healthy Lifestyle
The experts in the Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Clinics Multicenter Advancement Network recommend the following lifestyle changes to manage your heart disease risk if you have psoriatic arthritis.
- Be physically active. Aim for regular moderate to vigorous exercise to boost both your physical and mental health. Exercise can reduce psoriasis and joint symptoms, improve your mood, and help you sleep better. If skin discomfort, joint pain, or fatigue makes it hard to exercise, start small and talk to your doctor about ways to stay active comfortably.
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet. Choose nutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, and whole grains. Avoid high-sugar, high-fat, and processed foods that can increase inflammation.
- Aim for a healthy weight. Any loss of excess weight — even a small amount — can reduce joint pain, lower inflammation, and improve your response to psoriasis treatments. If diet and exercise aren’t enough, weight loss medications like GLP-1 agonists may be an option.
- Quit smoking. Smoking increases your risk of developing psoriasis and can make symptoms worse. It may also make treatments less effective and raise your risk of heart disease. One of the best things you can do for your skin, joints, and overall health is to stop smoking.
The Takeaway
- Psoriatic arthritis increases your risk of heart disease caused by widespread inflammation and related conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity.
- Regular screening for heart disease risk factors is essential and should begin at diagnosis.
- Management of PsA with the appropriate medications may reduce cardiovascular risk, but some medications may increase it. Discuss your treatment options with your doctor.
- A heart-healthy lifestyle, including exercise, a balanced diet, weight management, and smoking cessation, can significantly improve both joint health and heart health.
- https://www.everydayhealth.com/rheumatic-conditions/how-to-manage-heart-disease-risk-in-psoriatic-arthritis/